Anatomy in flowering plants part II (biology)

Download Anatomy part 2 notes using below link.
 https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B67erinnvE6LVzNaVWVPWUZidk0/view?usp=drivesdk
If you like our website then please do share and follow us on google+
Do subscribe using email to get latest content notifications.

Laws of motion problems (physics)

Q. A body of mass m is suspended by two strings making angles α and β with the horizontal. Find the tensions in the strings?
Sol. -

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES (Chemistry)

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
There are certain forces that condense matter.These forces can be both bonding forces and non bonding forces which are called intramolecular forces and Intermolecular forces respectively.
(I) Intramolecular Forces(bonds that exists within the molecules) : Intramolecular forces are the chemical forces that operate by the formation of bonds between the atoms to form molecules. Example Ionic bond, Covalent bond which we have studied in the previous chapter.
(II) Intermolecular forces(forces that exists between molecules) : Intermolecular forces are the physical forces or just the interactions which act between the neighbouring bonded molecules. The intermolecular forces are weaker than the intramolecular forces.
The forces of attraction and repulsion between the intracting particles are called intermolecular forces. These forces hold the molecules together which are covalently bonded. Intermolecular forces are not encountered in systems that employ ionic bonding.
Van der waals, a Dutch scientist explained that attractive forces present between molecules lead to deviation of real gases from the ideal gas behaviour .So, to honour the scientist, intermolecular forces are also known as van der waal forces. These forces of attraction exists between polar as well as non-polar molecules. These are the electrostatic forces of attraction that exist between an area of negetive charge on one molecule and an area of positive charge on a second molecule. There are three types of vanderwaal forces or interactions.
(i) Dispersion forces or London forces.
(ii) Dipole-dipole forces.
(iii) Dipole- induced dipole forces
Fourth type is particularly strong type of dipole -dipole interactions called hydrogen bonding.

(i) Dispersion forces or London forces:(associated with non-polar structures) These forces are present in non-polar molecules like H2 ,O2 and N2 are also in nonpolar monoatomic molecules such as noble gases like He, Ne, Ar etc., which exist with intermolecular forces and no bonding at all.
These non -polar molecules are electrically symmetrical, so there is no dipole moment. But sometimes the temporary dipoles can be formed. The electrons of a neutral molecule keep on oscillating with respect to the nuclei of the atoms. As a result of this, at a given instant, positive charge may be concentrated in one region of the molecule . Thus the non-polar milecule develops momentarily dipole due to unsymmetrical electronic charge distribution. Now, this polarised molecule distorts the electron density of tge neighbouring molecule. These interactions are therefore also known as induced dipole induced dipole interactions .Now the attraction between the two oppositely charged ends of two neighbouring molecules attract each other and this type of force of attraction is called London force after the name of German Physicist Fritz London who proposed this type of force of interaction .This force is also known as dispersion force.
London forces are attractive in nature and the interaction energy is inversely proportional to the sixth power of distance between two interacting particles.
These forces work only at short distances of approx.  500 pm.
The magnitude of the forces depends upon the polarisability of the atom or molecule.
Polarisability is the ease with which the electrons and nuclei can be displaced from their average positions. Larger the polarisability, stronger are the London forces.
London forces directly proportional to polarisability.

Anatomy in flowering plants Part I pdf notes(biology)

Download pdf notes or jpg images of Anatomy  in flowering plants part I using below link.
And stay updated for much more interesting content. Hope you like my initiative. If any problems let me know through email or comments.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B67erinnvE6LelBPa1E0ZVhnU2s/view?usp=drivesdk
Anatomy in flowering plants part II will be uploaded very soon.
Thank you.

Capacitors notes pdf (physics)

Get important notes and question with solutions of capacitors and capacitance  in pdf using below 👇 link
And stay updated for much more.
Thanks.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B67erinnvE6LMnZCOVNVVmRJcFE/view?usp=drivesdk

Capacitors and capacitance (physics)

CAPACITORS AND CAPACITANCE  

A combination of two conductors placed close to each other is called a capacitor. One of the conductors is given positive charge and the other is given negative charge. The conductor with the positive charge is called positive plate and the other is called negative plate. The charge on positive plate is called the charge on the capacitor and the potential difference between the plates is called the potential of the capacitor. 

For a given capacitor,the charge Q on the capacitor is directly proportional to the potential difference V between the plates. 

   Q=CV

The proportionality constant C is called the capacitance of the capacitor. It depends on the shape, size and geometrical placing of the conductors and the medium between them. 

The SI unit of capacitance is coulomb per volt which is written as farad. The symbol F is used for it. This ia large unit on normal scales and microfarad is used more frequently. 

To put equal and opposite charges on the two conductors they may be connected to the terminals of a battery .Here we state the following properties of an ideal battery. 

(a) A battery has two terminals.

(b)  The potential difference V between the terminals is constant for a given battery. The terminal with higher potential is called the positive terminal and that with lower potential is called the negative terminal. 

(c)  The value of this fixed potential difference is equal to the electromotive force or emf of the battery. If a conductor is connected to a terminal of a battery ,the potential of the conductor becomes equal to the potential of the terminal. 

Electric flux notes (physics)

Hello dear friends.
A very very pleasant good morning. Thanks for showing so much interest in my hand written notes. Today I'm uploading pdf and jpg file of electric flux notes in easy language.
Download in pdf file using below link 🔗
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B67erinnvE6LNE5vaXg2TlNreDQ/view?usp=drivesdk
Stay updated for much more interesting.

Electrostatics notes (Physics)

Electrostatics high quality notes for neet,aiims,iit and other medical and engineering entrance examinations.  Join our Facebook group for mcqs .Link mentioned below
https://www.facebook.com/groups/129979047605924/
Or join our g+ community
https://plus.google.com/communities/115473863387563726333?sqinv=T1lsQTR0YURrR0FHYl9lcE1wQnhXLUxrdDZfazhB
Download in pdf  by drive link mentioned below.

Electrostatics 

MICROSPOROGENESIS

Microsporogenesis
Sporogenous tissue is present inner to anther lobe. Sporogenous tissue forms pollen mother cells. Microspore
mother cell divides meiotically to form four haploid microspores or pollen grains.

These are arranged in tetrads. The arrangement of pollen grains in a tetrad depends on the type of cytokinesis
taking place during meiosis.

It is of following two types

◆ Simultaneous type : Here, the cytokinesis occurs only at the end of meiosis II. The resultant tetrad shows

tetrahedral arrangement and it is common in dicotyledons.

Succesive type Here, the cytokinesis occurs twice once at the end of meiosis l, forming two cells (dyad) and
then again at the end of meiosis ll to form four cells. The resultant tetrad shows isobilateral arrangement and
it is found in monocotyledons.

◆ In fact, there are five types of tetrads-Tetrahedral, lsobilateral, Decussate, T-shaped and Linear.
◆ Compound pollen grains are reported. In Drosera aud Typha, here the four pollen grains do not separate.
◆ In Mimosaceae, 8 to 64 pollen grains remain united called Messulae.
◆ In Calotropis and orchids all the pollen grains of an anther lobe form a typical structure called pollinium.
pollinia form translator and show translator mechanism of pollination.

DEVELOPMENT OF ANTHER (Biology)

Sexual Reproduction
In Angisoperms, the main plant body is sporophytic (2n) which is differentiated into root, stem and leaves. Flower
is concerned with sexual reproduction.
Camerarius : discovered that flowers are the reproductive organs associated with the sexuality.
Male Reproductive Structure : It is stamen or microsporophyll.
It consists of filament and anther. The proximal end of the filament is attached to thalamus or pedicel and distal end
is attached to anther lobes. Anther is tetrasporangiate and tetragonal. It is eusporangiate. Longitudinal groove runs
lengthwise separating the theca. Anther consists of two anther lobes (bithecous) or one anther lobe (monothecous).

Development of anther
The young anther is represented by only a group of parenchymatous cells surrounded by epidermis. It soon
becomes four lobed. In each of the four lobes, some of the hypodermal cells begin to act at archesporial initials.
Each archesporial initial divides into an outer primary parietal cell and an inner primary sporogenous cell.
The primary parietal cell divides to form 3-5 wall layers, I. e. Endothecium, middle layers and tapetum. The
primary sporogenous cells divide to produce a mass of sporogenous cells or microsporocytes . The sporogenous
cells undergo a few mitotic divisions simultaneously with the growth of anther. These derivatives function as Microspore mother cells.

Structure of Anther

A mature anther is made of the anther wall and the pollen chamber (microsporangia)

Wall of the anther

The anther wall consists of four layers. These are epidermis, endothecium, middle layers and tapetum.

(i) Epidermis This is the outermost layer. It is only one cell in thickness.

(ii) Endothecium : Inner to epidermis is single layered endothecium. The cells of endothecium are tangentially
elongated and are having fibrous thickenng arising from their inner walls. These fibrous thickenings are
of α-cellulose and help in dehiscence of anther.

(iii) Middle layers : Inner to endothecium are middle layers, which are variable, I. e., 1-4.

 Disintegration of these middle layers usually occurs at maturity.
 They provide nourishment to the pollens on degeneration. Absent in the members of Lemnaceae
and Najadaceae.
iv) Tapetum : This is the innermost layer of the anther wall. The cells are multinucleate.
· These provide nutrition to the developing microspores.

· Tapetum, therefore, secretes both enzymes and hormones.

· Cells of tapetum shows endomitosis and polyteny.

Tapetum cells are of two types

 Secretory or glandular The cells of this type of tapetum remain in contact with the anther
wall throughout.

 Amoeboid or plasmodial tapetum The cells of this type of tapetum separate from the wall
and move freely is the pollen chamber.

· Tapetum providing nourishment to sporogenous cell, microspore mother cell and pollen grains.

· Takes part in secretion of enzymes, hormones (IAA) and formation of pollenkitt on the
entomophilous pollen grain.
· It forms Ubisch bodies (orbicules) with sporopollenin which help in formation of exine of the pollen
grain.

The pollen chamber
This forms the centre cavity of the anther lobe.The process of microsporogenesis takes in this region.

Kingdom Protista Notes

Hi dear friends welcome to my blog.
Today I am uploading Kingdom protista notes in pdf.
Thanks for showing so much interest in previous posts.
Plz wait for more pdf notes it will take some time.
Currently I'm uploading 1-2 pdf files daily and some concept files.
I'm working also on quality of notes.
If u have any ideas or suggestions let me know in the comments below.
Download pdf file of Kingdom Protista from link 🔗 below 👇

KINGDOM PROTISTA NOTES

TYPES OF MUSCLES

Types of Muscles

Muscles can be classified on various criteria namely location, appearance, nature of regulation of their
activities. Based upon location, the muscles can be of following types
(I) Skeletal muscle or striped or striated or voluntary muscles : These muscles are attached to the
skeleton component of the body and are primarily involved in the locomotory actions and changes of the
body Posture. When observed under a rnicroscope, alternate light and dark bands are observed on the
muscle fibres. Due to the striated appearance of the muscle fibres, these muscles are called striated or
striped muscles. These muscles are voluntary as they are under the control of animals will or conscious.
For example, muscles of hind[imbs, forelimbs, body wall, tongue, pharynx and beginning of oesophagus etc.
(ii) Smooth or non-striated or non-striped or involuntary muscles The cells of these muscles are
elongated, spindle-shaped, broad from the middle and have tapering ends. These muscles do not have
alternate hght or dark bands on their muscle fibers and hence give a smooth appearance when observed
under a microscope. Their fibres are not organised into parallel arrays.

These muscles lines the hollow organs and are involuntary-e. g., posterior region of oesophagus, stomach,
intestine, lungs, urinary bladder, urinogenital tract. The transportation of food through the digestive tract
and gametes through the genital tract occurs due to the contraction of smooth muscles.
(iil) Cardiac muscle : Cardiac means heart, hence muscles of the heart are called cardiac muscle. The cells
of cardiac muscle assemble in a branching pattern. These are striated in nature I. e., alternate light and
dark bands could be observed on the muscle fibre when kept under the microscope. These are involuntary
in nature as they generate their own impulse or excitation and hence allow heart to continue its pumping
activity of rhythmic contraction and relaxation. These are meant for increasing and decreasing the rate
of muscular activity.

LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT

Types of Movements
On the basis of structure, three basic types of movements occur in the cells of human body namely
amoeboid, ciliary and muscular.

(i) Amoeboid or Pseudopodial Movements :
Due to the streaming of protoplasm or cytoplasm, the
surface of the cell forms false feet or pseudopodia. The old pseudopodia are replaced by the new
pseudopodia and therefore the formation and withdrawl of it allows the cell to change its shape regularly.
As Amoeba, WBC, and macrophages show pseudopodial movements they do not have a fixed shape.
The leucocytes and macrophages reach each and every part of the body and engulf the antigens or
pathogens through these pseudopodia.

(ii) Ciliary Movements :
The free surface of the cells have short fine hair-like projections called cilia. The
movement of these projections (cilia) is called ciliary movement. The oar-like activity of the cilia creates
a water current which helps in movement of various structures. The tubular structures of human body
such as respiratory tract, reproductive tract are lined by ciliated epithelium and help in the movement
of various substances. In oviduct, cilia provide the motive force for the passage of ova. Coordinated
movement of cilia in trachea helps in the removal of dust particles inhaled along with atmospheric air.
Spermatozoa and protozoa have flagella for locomotion and movement,

(iii) Muscular Movement :
In humans, movement of limbs, jaw, tongue and other body parts occur due to
contraction of muscles. The muscles contract and relax rhythmically to produce movement and are used
effectively for locomotion.

Pollination in Plants

POLLINATION

It is the tranfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma. 

Contrivances of self pollination :-

• Bisexuality 👉 Chances of self pollination ia more. e.g. Wheat, Rice, Potato. 
• Homogamy 👉 When male and female part mature at same time e.g. Commelina. 
• Cleistogamy 👉 these are enclosed flowers i.e. they never open. e.g. Oxalis, viola, Arachis hypogea, balsam.
• Bud Pollination 👉 pollinated at bud stage i.e. before opening .e. g. Wheat, rice, pea. 
• Fail safe mechanism 👉 In potato, style bends and stigma touching the anther to recieve pollen grains from it. 
•       In Sunflower 🌻, stigma curls back inwards to recieve pollen grain from underlying anther. 

    In Mirabilis, stamen bend and dust pollen grains on the stigma. 

The Living world pdf notes

Hi friends...
I have uploaded hand written  notes of The living World in simple language
Check them out by below link 👇
The Living World
I hope that these notes will help you to clear your concepts ..If any problem let me know in comments..

Vectors. Pdf

Download full pdf file of vectors from Below given link
Vectors. Pdf
Stay tuned for something new and useful. If you are facing any issue tell me in comments.

Teeth

• Each tooth has three parts, namely crown, neck and root. Crown remains capped with hard enamel ,formed principally of calcium phosphate:,it forms the chewing surface of the tooth. Both crown and root are composed of dentine, secreted by odontoblast cells( mesodermal in origin), inside which a central pulp cavity is present in which there is nerve and blood supply. 
• Elephant tusks are modified incisor. 
• Walrus tusks are modified canine. 
• Teeth of sloth and armadillos have no enamel. 
• Teeth are absent in birds,spiny anteater, scaly anteater, some whales. 
• Majority of mammals including human beings, have two sets of teeth during their life., i.e.one temporary set and one permanent set. Aset of temporary milk or deciduous teeth replaced by a set of permanent or adult teeth. Such type of dentition is called diphyodont. 
• Each tooth is embedded in a socket of jaw bone. This type of teeth attachment is called thecodont. 
• An adult has 32 permanent teeth which are of four diff. types, namely incisors(I) , canine(C) ,premolars(PM) , molars(M). Such type of dentition is called Heterodont.
• 
  
• The arrangement of teeth in each half of the upper and lower jaw is in the order I, C, PM, M is represented by a dental formula. 
• The dental formula of adult human beings is 2123*2=8*2=16=32
•     2123      8       16
• The hard chewing surface covering is made up of enamel which helps in the mastication of food. The enamel is hardest substance of the human body, secreted by ameloblast cell ( ectodermal in origin). 

Basic Mathematics Used in Physics pdf

Hi friends..
Download pdf file of basic mathematics used in physics( easy notes + Solved examples) from the link below.... 
Basic Mathematics
Stay tuned for much more.

NEET UG

Neet ug registration has been started for AI 15% sheets. Users have to register  on www.mcc.nic.in to be eligible for neet counselling for mbbs and bds admissions.
If it shows any technical problems then try after some time to register.
Click here to open official website. 👉
AIPMEE

You can also check previous years cutoff on mcc website.
If you have any further questions or needs any help then tell me in comments 📖
Good Luck. 

Important taxonomic aids

Herbarium:-
A collection of plants that usually have been dried, pressed and preserved on sheets for reference. Standerard size is 41*29 in cm .
Largest herbarium of the world is at Kew

Botanical gardens :-
Collection of living plants maintained for reference.
Largest botanical garden is in Moscow.
Most famous botanical garden is Royal Botanical Garden, Kew.

Zoological Parks:-
Enclosed areas where animals are kept in open enclosures instead of cages.
Help to study wild animals and there food  habits.
Useful for ex-situ conservation through captive breeding of endangered animals.

Museums:-
A place used for storage, preservation and exhibition of objects of natural antiquities.
Provide information not only about local flora and fauna but also of other areas.

Keys:-
Given by John Ray , this scheme is for identification of plants and animals based upon similarities and dissimilarities.
It is dichotomatic table of alternate characters known as couplet ,each character of couplet is called Lead.
The one present in organism is chosen and other ia discarded.
Separate keys are used for each category.

PROCESSES OF ANIMAL NUTRITION

PROCESSES OF ANIMAL NUTRITION

Nutrients.:- They are of two types

(1) Micronutrients or Protective principles of food.
(2) Macronutrients or Proximate principles of food.

Proximate principles of food constitute the energy sources for the production of heat and different organic
functions e. g. carbohydrate, lipid and proteins. Minerals, vitamins and water are micronutrients because
these do not provide energy, yet their deficiencies are related to specific diseases and abnormalities in man.

· Ingestion : Process of intake of food materials.

· Digestion The conversion of large, complex, insoluble molecules of nutrients into small, simple and soluble and absrobable form.

Types of digestion

Extracellular : Digestion outside the cell I. e., in gut or GVC. (Gastro Vascular Cavity)
Intracellular : Digestion within the cell. e. g., protozoans, sponges.

· Assimilation : Converting absorbed food materials into the cellular components for their utilization.
* Egestion The removal of undigested and unabsorbed part of food (waste) from the body.

Digestion and Nutrition

The process of conversion of complex food substances to simple absorbable forms is called digestion and is
carried out by our digestive system by mechanical and biochemical methods.

Life needs energy and matter for growth, development, maintenance and various activities. Procurement of these
substances (food) is called nutrition.

• 路 Autotrophic : Use of solar energy to synthesize organic compound (photosynthesis) e. g., all green plants (chlorophyll).
• 路 Heterotrophic : Deriving food from available products of plants e. g., all animals, fungi, bacteria etc.

MODES OF HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION

路 Holozoic : Consuming whole food by the animals.

路 Saprozoic : Absorbing decaying organic materials by the animals.

路 Parasitic Obtaining food at the cost of other living organisms (host) and causing harm to it e. g., Taenia,Plasmodium, Ascaris, Entamoeba, bacteria, viruses.

Mixotrophic Euglena representns this type of nutrition. In presence of light it performs photosynthesis, otherwise, shows
holozoic mode of nutrition.

Different Types Of feeding habits

Units and dimensions of some important physical quantities

Units and dimensions snapshots

Get units and dimensions important formulas and key points, concepts in pdf file. By clicking below link
Units and dimensions pdf

What is Living??

Life is a unique, complex organization of molecules that expresses itself through chemical reactions 
· which lead to growth, development, responsiveness, adaptation and reproduction.
The obejects exhibiting growth, development, responsiveness and other characteristics of li'fe
are designated as living beings. Characteristics of living beings are : highly organized cellular
Structure consciousness, growth and development, reproduction and heredity, metabolism and-
energy requirement. Reproduction is not a defining property of living beings because there are'
organisms that cannot reproduce but still are living e. g., mules, infertile humans, etc.

UNITS AND DIMENSIONS SNAPSHOTS

Hi.... 
Get units and dimensions important formulas
and key points in pdf file. by clicking the drive link below 
  &  Stay tuned for much more and useful stuff
Units and dimensions snapshots

Units and dimensions of some important physical quantities

What is Living..?

Life is a unique, complex organization of molecules that expresses itself through chemical reactions
· which lead to growth, development, responsiveness, adaptation and reproduction.
The obejects exhibiting growth, development, responsiveness and other characteristics of li'fe
are designated as living beings. Characteristics of living beings are : highly organized cellular
Structure consciousness, growth and development, reproduction and heredity, metabolism and-
energy requirement. Reproduction is not a defining property of living beings because there are'
organisms that cannot reproduce but still are living e. g., mules, infertile humans, etc.

The Living world

1. A living organism is unexceptionally differentiated from a nonliving structure on the basis of
(a) reproduction
(b) growth and. Movement
(c) interaction with environment
(d) responsiveness

NCERT FACTS U NEED TO KNOW

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) is an autonomous organisation, which was set up in 1961 by the Government of India. The NCERT council publishes textbooks for school subjects from Classes I to XII. It also provides sample question papers used in government and private schools across India that follow the CBSE curriculum. Its task is to assist and advise the Central and State Governments about various policies and programmes for qualitative improvement in school education. The major goals of NCERT and its constituent units are to:

Undertake, promote and coordinate research in areas related to school educationPrepare and publish model textbooks, supplementary material, newsletters, journals and develops educational kits, multimedia digital materials, etc.Organise pre-service and in-service training of teachersDevelop and disseminate innovative educational techniques and practicesCollaborate and network with state educational departments, universities, NGOs and other educational institutionsAct as a clearinghouse for ideas and information in matters related to school educationAct as a nodal agency for achieving the goals of Universalization of Elementary Education

NCERT Books & Its Importance

It can be a tedious task to choose the right study material, thanks to the abundant study material available in the market. Many students end up buying the wrong study materials and ruin their scope for getting good marks. Toppers always advise their classmates to make the NCERT textbook the main study material and supplement their efforts with reference books. The reason for this is that the examination is based on these prescribed books, and if you know these textbooks well, you don’t need any supplementary material for the Class X boards.

Check below the top benefits of studying NCERT books if you want to ace the NEET with a good score:

Credible Information

All the NCERT books have been written by experts after doing extensive research on topics. The information is completely authentic and is far better than other sources.

Strong basics and fundamentals

NCERT books include basics and fundamentals on all topics for students. So, it makes it easier for students to understand concepts and prepare in a better way for any competitive exam, be it JEE-Main or AIPMT.

Most of the exam questions are from NCERT Books

One of the biggest benefits of studying from NCERT books is the fact that many questions in NEET are either directly fetched from these books or follow a similar pattern. So, you must not forget to refer to these books for your preparation.

Simple to read and understand

NCERT books have an easy-to-understand language written by experts after extensive research. Since these books are lucid and direct in their approach, it becomes simple for students to understand the technical aspects of topics like kinetics or energy.

NCERT Solutions

The questions and answers given in NCERT textbooks at the end of each chapter are not only important for examination but also essential for understanding the concepts in a better way. Hence, we strongly recommend reading these books thoroughly and making appropriate notes on each chapter that will make revision faster.

These model solutions provide in-depth and step-by-step solutions to all questions in the NCERT textbooks and are an irreplaceable support to students that will help them in learning, working on assignments and preparing for exams.

You can go through NCERT solutions for Class 9 here.

Key points of NCERT Solutions:

The NCERT Solutions provided are entirely FREEThorough and modified answers provided for each question in textbooksCreated by subject matter expertsEasy and quick access to chapter-wise questions and answers

You can find NCERT solutions for all textbooks over here.

NCERT Syllabus

NCERT is responsible for designing the syllabus for all the standards in CBSE board. It also prescribes the syllabus for competitive exams like JEE & NEET. Note that the curriculum designed is based on conceptual learning and not rote learning techniques. So, the NCERT syllabus serves as a single major source for students in the CBSE Board.

Important NCERT Facts

In the year 2016, around 18-20 questions from the biology section were from outside the NCERT syllabus but closely related.Around 40-50% of the questions in physics, around 60% of the questions in chemistry (including around 90-92% of the questions from organic chemistry), and a similar percentage of 90-92% of questions from biology are generally sourced from these textbooks.Most of the pictorial questions you see in the exam are sourced from the NCERT textbook itself, hence memorizing these images from the textbook by heart can be a huge advantage to your preparation.

So, the syllabus given by the CBSE for board classes is completely based on NCERT. If you go through the last 10 years’ exam question papers of board classes, you will find that most of the questions have been asked from the prescribed textbooks. If you want to achieve 90+ percentage in the board exam, then make a habit of reading these books on a regular basis. Each and every line written in these books is very important for board exams. Try to solve all the exercise questions given at the end of every chapter to get the desired result.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

I am studying from NCERT books and I have completed the latest CBSE Sample Papers. Will I be able to score good marks (say 80% or more)?
Ans. Marks scored by any student depend upon their preparation and performance during the examination. The students are advised to remain focused and do their best. But reading NCERTs would make you strong in the fundamentals, which can directly or indirectly help you answer many questions.

What’s the best way to read the NCERT books?

Ans. Go through the questions at the end of each chapter and then read the chapter. This would help understand the comparative significance of each topic and event, and questions are more likely to be asked from important topics.

Do I  need to make notes of NCERT books?

Ans. Just highlight the important points and revise them at a later stage of preparation.

How many times should I read NCERT books?

Ans. It completely depends on your grasping power. Anyhow, just don’t keep it for the last minute. It should be read and understood at least 3 months before the prelims. Keep a target before starting and try to stick to it so that you don’t lose focus.

How does the textbook help in the JEE Mains?

Ans. NCERT textbooks certainly increase your understanding of various topics and also trains you to answer questions in a simple and precise manner as the language in the textbooks itself is easy to understand.

Which edition is better: old or new?

Ans. Both the editions are good enough. But for Modern Indian History, the old book (Bipan Chandra) is preferable as questions tend to be picked from it directly.

So, that’s all for today, folks!